Robert Philip argues that the advent of recorded music has directed performance style into a search for greater precision and perfection, with a consequent loss of spontaneity and warmth. Various expressive devices once common in classical music have been almost outlawed, including portamento (sliding from one note to another on a stringed instrument), playing the piano with the hands not quite synchronized, and flexibility of tempo.
Philip fully documents these changes. However, other forces independent of recording were also at work. For example, the freedom of tempo so valued by Philip was. in its time, both a necessary expedient and disastrously abused. Recording alone did not cause the reaction against it. although hearing a particularly unintelligent use of it on disc may have reinforced the prejudice.
A criticism of Philip implied by the passage is that he

• A. values performance techniques that have lost their effectiveness
• B. limits his discussion of performance style to classical music
• C. ignores unintelligent uses of certain performance techniques
• D. attributes a change in performance style to a single cause
• E. exaggerates the extent of a change in performance style

For a list of k consecutive integers, the median is m and the range is r. Which of the following must be equal to K?

• A. r-m+1
• B. r
• C. m
• D. m+1

A rancher is planning to build an enclosed pen for horses on level ground. The pen will be rectangular with a length that is 2 times the width. If the perimeter of the pen will be P meters, which of the following represents the area, in square meters, of the pen in terms of P ?

• A.
  
• B.
  
• C.
  
• D.
  
• E.
  

Recent studies of the gender gap in the history of United States politics tend to focus on candidate choice rather than on registration and turnout. This shift in focus away from gender inequality in political participation may be due to the finding in several studies of voting behavior in the United States that since
1980. differences in rates of registration and voting between men and women are not statistically significant after controlling for traditional predictors of participation. However. Fullerton and Stern argue that researchers have overlooked the substantial gender gap in registration and voting in the South. While the gender gap in participation virtually disappeared outside the South by the 1950s, substantial gender differences persisted in the South throughout the 1950s and 1960s, only beginning to decline in the 1970s.
The passage is primarily concerned with

• A. confirming the merits of a claim
• B. explaining the reasons for a change
• C. establishing the chronology of a transition
• D. discussing a perceived oversight
• E. evaluating an underlying assumption

Like paleontologists who interpret timescales from fossil evidence, we infer the history of star formation in the Milks' Way galaxy from the heavy-element composition of its stars. According to the big bang theory of the origin of the universe, the first gas clouds-and the first generation of stars formed from them-were composed of pure hydrogen and helium; most heavier elements- iron and calcium, for example-came later, created by explosions of supernovas, massive stars in their death thaws. Loaded with heavy elements, material ejected from supernovas enriched the interstellar gas clouds from which the next generation of stars formed, the level of heavy elements increasing with succeeding generations. Because most stars live for many billions of years and because the Milky Way is thus composed of multiple stellar generations, comparing the number of stars of low heavy-element abundance with those of high heavy-element abundance enables astronomers to untangle the history of star formation in the Milky Way.
Replacement of the word "enriched" with which of the following words results in the least change in meaning for the passage?

• A. altered
• B. improved
• C. heightened
• D. refined
• E. briehtened