A 54-year-old woman was referred for assessment of low bone mineral density. Three months previously, after complaining of bloating and flatulence, she had been found to have coeliac disease and had been started on a gluten-free diet. She had no history of fracture and had not lost height. There was no family history of osteoporosis. Her only medication was omeprazole.
Investigations:
serum corrected calcium2.42 mmol/L (2.20-2.60) serum alkaline phosphatase122 U/L (45-105)
plasma parathyroid hormone7.9 pmol/L (0.9-5.4)
DXA scansee image What is the most appropriate treatment?

• A. alendronic acid, and calcium and vitamin D
• B. calcium and vitamin D, and intravenous zoledronic acid
• C. strontium ranelate
• D. calcium and vitamin D
• E. alendronic acid alone

A 25-year-old woman with type 1 diabetes mellitus presented with light-headedness, nausea, thirst and vomiting of 3 days' duration. She was fully conscious.
On examination, her pulse was 104 beats per minute and her blood pressure was 104/64 mmHg. Urinalysis showed glucose 2+, ketones 3+.
Investigations:
serum sodium150 mmol/L (137-144)
serum potassium5.5 mmol/L (3.5-4.9)
serum chloride105 mmol/L (95-107)
serum urea5.0 mmol/L (2.5-7.0)
serum creatinine90 umol/L (60-110)
random plasma glucose20.0 mmol/L
arterial blood gases, breathing air:
PO212.4 kPa (11.3-12.6)
PCO23.4 kPa (4.7-6.0)
pH7.15 (7.35-7.45)
H+70 nmol/L (35-45)
bicarbonate6 mmol/L (21-29)
What intravenous fluid should be given over the first 30 minutes?

• A. colloid solution
• B. sodium chloride 0.45%
• C. sodium chloride 0.18% and glucose 4%
• D. compound sodium lactate
• E. sodium chloride 0.9%

A 52-year-old woman had been found to have type 2 diabetes mellitus approximately 6
months previously.
Investigations:
haemoglobin A1c50 mmol/mol (20-42)
What is the lifetime risk of her identical twin sister also developing type 2 diabetes mellitus?

• A. 40-50%
• B. 20-30%
• C. <5%
• D. >60%
• E. 5-10%

A 17-year-old girl with Turner's syndrome attended the clinic for review. She had been treated with growth hormone therapy for the previous 7 years, and had now reached her final adult height.
What is the most appropriate next step in management?

• A. continue growth hormone until 25 years old then reassess
• B. withdraw growth hormone therapy for 3 months and evaluate growth hormone secretion
• C. assess her bone density by DXA scan and continue growth hormone if bone mineral density is less than mean for age
• D. start to reduce growth hormone therapy with a view to discontinuing in 2 years' time
• E. stop growth hormone therapy